Kagans Inhibited and Uninhibited Temperaments

In referring to the classifications of temperament conceptualizations presented in Table 3.1, Kagan's theory can be described as a causal, monodimensional (typological) one tending to an emotion orientation, strongly concentrated on infancy and early childhood. In spite of Kagan's long career in developmental psychology, his interest in temperament, stimulated by his own experience as well as by ideas and findings in the literature, began less than two decades ago. As delineated by Jerome Kagan...

Pain Suppression Analgesia System in the Brain and Spinal Cord

The degree to which a person reacts to pain varies tremendously. This results partly from a capability of the brain itself to suppress input of pain signals to the nervous system by activating a pain control system, called an analgesia system. The analgesia system is shown in. It consists of three major components.

Vinia Red Grape Powder: Improve Your Heart's Health Easily!

Learn About Vinia Red Grape Powder Vinia Red Grape Powder Reviews - Till now, you have heard only about the calming and chilling effect of red wine. Yes But it actually has a lot more to do. You might further surprise to know that the red wine has other health benefits apart from these effects. Those who would like to confront the super-food effects of red wine may want to consider a supplement that is able to improve the overall health.

Dealing With The Jizz Stories From Sex Workers

Most sex workers handle men as if they are dangerous they can be violent, deceiving, and vectors of disease. Despite this belief about men, most sex workers will take on the risk of intimate physical contact as long as the men have the money to pay for it. This, of course, assumes that men can afford an average 200 an hour sexual experience. In an ironic twist, sex workers and sperm banks have an inverse relationship with regard to sperm and money. Men pay sex workers for their services, which...

AvanDermNu Anti Aging Cream - Ingredients, Price & Where to Buy?

An introduction to AvanDermNu Ladies, are you looking for a potent skin care solution Then, congratulations as you have arrived at the correct place. Yes, that's right See, if you want to conceal the look of age spots, then AvanDermNu is the correct option for you. It's the newly fashioned anti-aging formula that is highly effective for erasing the bothering signs of aging. With this efficient age-defying solution, one can get totally free of aging signs like creases, fine lines, and wrinkles.

Confluence Approaches to the Study of Creativity

Many more recent works on creativity hypothesize that multiple components must converge for creativity to occur (Amabile, 1983 Csikszentmihalyi, 1988 Gardner, 1993 Gruber, 1989 Gruber & Wallace, 1999 Lubart, 1994, 1999 Lubart, Mouchi-roud, Tordjman, & Zenasni, 2003 Mumford & Gustafson, 1988 Perkins, 1981 Simonton, 1988 Sternberg, 1985 b Sternberg & Lubart, 1991, 1995, 1996 Weisberg, 1993 Woodman & Schoenfeldt, 1989). Sternberg (1985b), for example, examined laypersons' and...

Embryology

The liver, extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, and ventral portion of the pancreas originate from the hepatic diverticulum during early embryonic development.1 1 1 The hepatic diverticulum becomes evident in the human embryo during the fourth week of intrauterine life. This diverticulum arises as an outpouching from the ventral surface of the primitive foregut.1 Soon after its appearance, the hepatic diverticulum migrates superiorly into the ventral mesogastrium as a solid cord of endodermal...

Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads

Another system of leads in wide use is the augmented unipolar limb lead. In this type of recording, two of the limbs are connected through electrical resistances to the negative terminal of the electrocardiograph, and the third limb is connected to the positive terminal. When the positive terminal is on the right arm, the lead is known as the aVR lead when on the left arm, the aVL lead and when on the left leg, the aVF lead. Normal recordings of the augmented unipolar limb leads are shown in...

A brief history and overview of treatment mechanics

Fundamentals of treatment mechanics 3 Bracket design Bracket positioning Archwire selection Force levels The work of Andrews 4 Wide range of brackets Center of the crown Various arch forms Heavy forces Roth brackets Center of the crown Wide arch form Articulators McLaughlin and Bennett 1975 to 1993 7 Mainly standard brackets Center of the crown Ovoid arch form The work of McLaughlin, Bennett, and Trevisi between 1993 and 1997 8 improved bracket positioning with gauges The work of McLaughlin,...

Appliance specifications variations and versatility

Design features of a modern bracket system 28 Expression of in-out 31 Upper second premolars 31 Expression of torque 33 Incisor torque 34 Canine torque 36 Upper premolar and molar torque 37 Lower premolar and molar torque 38 The versatility of the bracket system 39 Palatally displaced upper lateral incisors 40 Three torque options for the upper canines 44 Three torque options for the lower canines 44 When should the three canine options be used 44 Interchangeable lower incisor brackets 48...

Bracket positioning and case setup

The need for accuracy 57 Patient management 57 Thcor ' of bracket positioning - avoiding errors 59 Horizontal accuracy during bracket positioning 60 Vertical bracket positioning with gauges and charts 62 Recommended bracket-positioning chart 63 Individualized bracket-positioning charts 63 Upper molar bands - rapid maxillary expansion cases 66 Lower molar band placement 67 Direct bonding of brackets 68 Indirect bonding of brackets 69 Advantages of indirect bonding 69 Disadvantages of indirect...

Systemized orthodontic treatment mechanics

EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2001 An imprint of Harcourt Publishers Limited Mosby International Ltd 2001 KM is a registered trademark of 1 Iarcourt Publishers Limited The right of Dr Richard P McLaughlin, Dr John C Bennett and Dr I lugo I Trevisi to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a...

Factors Affecting Fungal Growth Indoors

Many environmental parameters can influence fungal growth indoors. Some are biotic factors, and others are physical and chemical, or abiotic factors. Biotic factors include the presence of fungal propagules or spores, viability of spores, the nature of the fungal species, and competing fungi and other organisms. Sampling and Analysis of Indoor Microorganisms, Edited by Chin S. Yang and Patricia A. Heinsohn Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Abiotic factors include nutrients, temperature,...

Staining And Mounting Techniques

Depending on which illumination technique will be used, it may be necessary to stain the fungi or fungal structures that are colorless, transparent, or lightly colored, because staining agents improve the contrast of the fungal elements in the samples to be examined. A mounting medium is used to provide a neutral background without altering the color or the chemical composition of the specimen and preserve the specimen from dehydration. In addition, the mounting medium can increase contrast by...

Microscope Objectives

The compound microscope can be set in a number of ways to greatly increase the contrast images of environmental specimens through objectives and other accessories for specialized applications. Generally, most optical microscopes are equipped with a pair of 10x ocular lenses, or occasionally with 15x eyepieces. Ninety percent of all optical microscopy examinations are conducted using standard achro-mat or plan achromat objectives, which are inexpensive and easily available.9 Standard brightfield...

The Developmental Model of Temperament Rothbart and Derryberry

The theory of temperament proposed in the beginning of 1980s by Rothbart and Derryberry 1981 Derryberry amp Rothbart, 1984, 1988 can be described as a developmental child-oriented , constitutional-psychobiological causal , and multidimensional approach, with concentration on children's whole behavior. This theory, further developed by Rothbart and her associates Rothbart, 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1991 Rothbart amp Mauro, 1990 Rothbart amp Posner, 1985 , gained great popularity among child-oriented...

The Biological Theory of Sensation Seeking Developed by Zuckerman

Marvin Zuckerman is one of the very few differential psychologists who have been able to develop a theory of a temperament dimension, one which skillfully combines the correlational with the experimental approach, studies on humans with research on animals, and behavior characteristics with biochemical and psy-chophysiological measures. This multidirectional approach made it possible for the author to develop a causal theory of individual differences in sensation seeking. In terms of the...

Boredom And Boredom Proneness

Boredom is an emotional state ranging from mild to severe discontent that people describe as a feeling of tedium, monotony, ennui, apathy, meaninglessness, emptiness, lack of interest, and disconnection with the current environment. Boredom is the state the current condition. Boredom proneness is the trait a tendency to experience tedium and little personal involvement and enthusiasm, a general or frequent lack of sufficient interest in one's life surroundings and future. The most commonly used...

The Biological Background of PEN

It was in the early 1950s that Eysenck started to concentrate on the question What are the causes of individual differences in extraversion and neuroticism The study conducted by H. J. Eysenck and Prell 1951 on the inheritance of neuroticism is regarded as the first behavior-genetic research in the personality domain. Since then, a series of behavior-genetic studies were conducted by Eysenck and his associates see Chapter 5 which led Eysenck to the following conclusion Broadly speaking, twin...

Anatomy Of Cardiac Chambers

To understand the spatial relationships of the different cardiac chambers, three basic rules of cardiac anatomy should be remembered. First, because of the orientation of the cardiac long axis, the ventricles are more or less to the left of their corresponding atrial chambers. Second, the right atrium and the right ventricle are relatively anterior to their left counterparts. Third, because of the anterior position of the chambers of the right heart, the aorta and its valve have a central...

Summary of Concentrations of Different Solutes in the Different Tubular Segments

Whether a solute will become concentrated in the tubular fluid is determined by the relative degree of reabsorption of that solute versus the reabsorption of water. If a greater percentage of water is reabsorbed, the substance becomes more concentrated. If a greater percentage of the solute is reabsorbed, the substance becomes more diluted. Figure 27-14 shows the degree of concentration of several substances in the different tubular segments. All the values in this figure represent the tubular...

Pyknic Body Type

The physical makeup types distinguished by Kretschmer. Note. From K rperbau und Charakter Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten Physique and Character Research concerning Problems of Constitution and Knowledge on Temperaments (17th-18th ed., pp. 18, 23, 27), by E. Kretschmer, 1944, Berlin, Germany Springer. Copyright 1944 by Springer Verlag. Reprinted with permission. vidual cases the following findings emerged among schizophrenics 50.3 are...

Dangling Ends and Terminal Mismatches

The average length of an uninterrupted helix of Watson-Crick and GU base pairs in RNA secondary structures is about seven base pairs.42 Therefore there are many helix ends in RNA secondary structures. Thus it is important to understand the effects of terminal unpaired nucleotides on the stability of a helix. A 5' or 3' single unpaired nucleotide is called a dangling end, and a pair of 5' and 3' unpaired nucleotides at the same helix end is called a terminal mismatch. Effects of dangling ends...

Elastic Properties of the Chest Wall

Just as the lung is elastic, so is the thoracic cage. This can be illustrated by putting air into the intrapleural space (pneumothorax). Figure 7-10 shows that the normal pressure outside the lung is subatmospheric just as it is in the jar of Figure 7-3. When air is introduced into the intrapleural space, raising the pressure to atmospheric, the lung collapses inward, and the chest wall springs outward. This Figure 7-10. The tendency of the lung to recoil to its deflated volume is balanced by...

Thrombi Originate in the Venous Valve Pockets

In the early 1950s, it was explicitly shown - for the first time since Virchow's illustration (Figs. 6.1, 9.1) - that venous thrombi form almost exclusively1 in the VVP (McLachlin and Paterson 1951 Paterson and McLachlin 1954 Paterson 1969).2 These careful studies 'categorically' excluded 'local injury to the vein wall, of an obvious type, and abnormality in those blood coagulation factors that were studied' from the causes of thrombosis, leaving the authors to deduce that 'venous stagnation'3...

Autonomic Nerve Innervation

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides visceral secretory innervation to the parotid gland. The nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the inferior salivatory nucleus in the medulla through the jugular foramen (Fig. 1.2). Distal to the inferior ganglion, a small branch of CN IX (Jacobsens nerve) reen-ters the skull through the inferior tympanic canaliculus and into the middle ear to form the tympanic plexus. The preganglionic fibers then course along as the lesser petrosal...

Phosphate Buffer System

Although the phosphate buffer system is not important as an extracellular fluid buffer, it plays a major role in buffering renal tubular fluid and intracellular fluids. The main elements of the phosphate buffer system are H2PO4- and HPO4 . When a strong acid such as HCl is added to a mixture of these two substances,.

History of Ulcerative Colitis

Hippocrates recognized that diarrhea was not a single disease entity, whereas Aretaeus described many types, including one with foul evacuations, chiefly in older children and adults. An apparent ulcerative colitis was described by Roman physicians, including Eph-esus in the eleventh century. Noncontagious diarrhea flourished for centuries under many labels, such as Thomas Sydenham's bloody flux in 1666. In 1865, U.S. Army physicians described the features of an ulcerative colitis-like process....

Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms

For a substance to be reabsorbed, it must first be transported (1) across the tubular epithelial membranes into the renal interstitial fluid and then (2) through the peritubular capillary membrane back into the blood (Figure 27-1). Thus, reabsorption of water and solutes includes a series of transport steps. Reabsorption across the tubular epithelium into the interstitial fluid includes active or passive transport by way of the same basic mechanisms discussed in Chapter 4 for transport across...

The Cardiac Skeleton

The fibrous skeleton is variably developed around the atrio-ventricular junctions, being strongest at the central fibrous body (Figure 2.37). There, the attachments of the leaflets of the mitral, tricuspid and aortic valves all meet together. Part of the fibrous body in this position also forms the membranous portion of the cardiac septum. Because of the differing positions of attachments of the leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves to the central fibrous body, and because of the wedge...

Saint Anthonys Fire

This disease is associated with ergotism, which results from ingesting the ergot fungus that grows on rye. Most authorities assume that the name Saint Anthony's fire refers to Saint Anthony the Great, third-century hermit and founder of Christian ascetic monasticism, who renounced the world for the deserts of Egypt. However, Saint Anthony of Padua, born in the late twelfth century, may also be connected with the name of the disease. He was a noted preacher, popular for exorcising demons and...

Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron

In the previous sections, we discussed the basic principles by which water and solutes are transported across the tubular membrane. With these generalizations in mind, we can now discuss the different characteristics of the individual tubular segments that enable them to perform their specific excretory functions. Only the tubular transport functions that are quantitatively most important are discussed, especially as they relate to the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water. In subsequent...

The Eye II Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina

The retina is the light-sensitive portion of the eye that contains (1) the cones, which are responsible for color vision, and (2) the rods, which are mainly responsible for black and white vision and vision in the dark. When either rods or cones are excited, signals are transmitted first through successive layers of neurons in the retina itself and, finally, into optic nerve fibers and the cerebral cortex. The purpose of this chapter is to explain the mechanisms by which the rods and cones...

Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation

Pain Receptors Are Free Nerve Endings. The pain receptors in the skin and other tissues are all free nerve endings. They are widespread in the superficial layers of the skin as well as in certain internal tissues, such as the periosteum, the arterial walls, the joint surfaces, and the falx and tentorium in the cranial vault. Most other deep tissues are only sparsely supplied with pain endings nevertheless, any widespread tissue damage can summate to cause the slow-chronic-aching type of pain in...

Absorption of Bicarbonate Ions in the Duodenum and Jejunum

Often large quantities of bicarbonate ions must be reabsorbed from the upper small intestine because large amounts of bicarbonate ions have been secreted into the duodenum in both pancreatic secretion and bile. The bicarbonate ion is absorbed in an indirect way as follows When sodium ions are absorbed, moderate amounts of hydrogen ions are secreted into the lumen of the gut in exchange for some of the sodium. These hydrogen ions in turn combine with the bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid...

Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity

To emphasize the importance of the gamma efferent system, one needs to recognize that 31 per cent of all the motor nerve fibers to the muscle are the small type A gamma efferent fibers rather than large type A alpha motor fibers. Whenever signals are transmitted from the motor cortex or from any other area of the brain to the alpha motor neurons, in most instances the gamma motor neurons are stimulated simultaneously, an effect called coactivation of the alpha and gamma motor neurons. This...

Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses

Local Electrical Currents at Nerve Endings Receptor Potentials All sensory receptors have one feature in common. Whatever the type of stimulus that excites the receptor, its immediate effect is to change the membrane electrical potential of the receptor. This change in potential is called a receptor potential. Mechanisms of Receptor Potentials. Different receptors can be excited in one of several ways to cause receptor potentials 1 by mechanical deformation of the receptor, which stretches the...

Mouse Retinas

Reza Ghassemifar1'2'*, Chooi-May Lai2, and P. Elizabeth Rakoczy2 Tight junctions (TJ) are specialized multiprotein complexes which act to seal the intercellular space and thereby generate a permeability barrier required for transport processes (Matter and Balda, 1999). In addition, by regulation of the TJs, the paracellular pathway may be opened for selective transport of molecules, ions (Madara et al., 1992) and neutrophils (Huber et al., 2000). Thus far several interacting constituents...

Resistance to Blood Flow

Resistance is the impediment to blood flow in a vessel, but it cannot be measured by any direct means. Instead, resistance must be calculated from measurements of blood flow and pressure difference between two points in the vessel. If the pressure difference between two points is 1 mm Hg and the flow is 1 ml sec, the resistance is said to be 1 peripheral resistance unit, usually abbreviated PRU. Expression of Resistance in CGS Units. Occasionally, a basic physical unit...

Vascular Distensibility

A valuable characteristic of the vascular system is that all blood vessels are distensible. We have seen one example of this in Chapter 14 When the pressure in blood vessels is increased, this dilates the blood vessels and therefore decreases their resistance. The result is increased blood flow not only because of increased pressure but also because of decreased resistance, usually giving at least twice as much flow increase for each increase in pressure as one might expect. Vascular...

Effect of Intraabdominal Pressure on Venous Pressures of the

The pressure in the abdominal cavity of a recumbent person normally averages about +6mmHg, but it can rise to +15 to +30mmHg as a result of pregnancy, large tumors, or excessive fluid (called ascites) in the abdominal cavity. When the intraabdominal pressure does rise, the pressure in the veins of the legs must rise above the abdominal pressure before the abdominal veins will open and allow the blood to flow from the legs to the heart. Thus, if the intra-abdominal pressure is +20 mm Hg,...

Diffusing Capacity of the Respiratory Membrane

The ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood is expressed in quantitative terms by the respiratory membrane's diffusing capacity, which is defined as the volume of a gas that will diffuse through the membrane each minute for a partial pressure difference of 1 mm Hg. All the factors discussed earlier that affect diffusion through the respiratory membrane can affect this diffusing capacity. Diffusing Capacity for Oxygen. In the average...

Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries into the Tissue Fluid

When the arterial blood reaches the peripheral tissues, its Po2 in the capillaries is still 95 mm Hg.Yet, as shown in Figure 40-3, the Po2 in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the tissue cells averages only 40 mm Hg. Thus, there is a tremendous initial pressure difference that causes oxygen to diffuse rapidly from the capillary Diffusion of oxygen from a tissue capillary to the cells. Po2 in interstitial fluid 40 mm Hg, and in tissue cells 23 mm Hg. Diffusion of oxygen from a tissue...

Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins

The major types of protein present in the plasma are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. A major function of albumin is to provide colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma, which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries, as discussed in Chapter 16. The globulins perform a number of enzymatic functions in the plasma, but equally important, they are principally responsible for the body's both natural and acquired immunity against invading organisms, discussed in Chapter 34. Fibrinogen polymerizes...

Vira Fuel - LEGIT or SCAM? Why You Must Read Before Buy?

In A Nutshell What Is Vira Fuel All About If you have tired of having wimpy muscles, not being able to lift heavy weights, or just being weak then it's high time for you to take an effective muscle-building supplement like Vira Fuel . With the help of this dietary supplement, you can easily build ripped, toned, and strong muscles without even changing your workout routine or diet regimen.

A global overview of the magnitude, disparities and trend of infant mortality in the world. 1950-2011

Monitoring and evaluation of population health is a core public health function. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of those core population health indicators as it reveals the quality of life of mothers and other family members, the access to and quality of health services, access to a good nutrition, education, human rights and security, inequity in deprived population groups and the environment.

What Are The Possible Routes By Which Bacteria May Enter The Peritoneum

Organisms can come directly from the gastrointestinal tract, from the blood stream, from the lymphatics or, in females, from the genital tract. The rarest route is through the Fallopian tubes. . . . This route of entry has been implicated by McCartney to explain the predominance of girls with primary peritonitis (5). Obviously, this mechanism played no role in any of our patients, all of whom were male. It is conceivable that this route could have been responsible for some of the women...

Pieachei Curls

Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Attention The angle of the support pad places significant tension on the forearms when the arm is completely extended. Therefore, warm up the muscles properly and begin with lighter weights. Flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis longus Palmaris longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Brachialis Triceps brachii, medial head Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Sit or stand with the arms...

Mechanism of Accommodation

In children, the refractive power of the lens of the eye can be increased voluntarily from 20 diopters to about 34 diopters this in an accommodation of 14 diopters. To do this, the shape of the lens is changed from that of a moderately convex lens to that of a very convex lens. The mechanism is as follows. In a young person, the lens is composed of a strong elastic capsule filled with viscous, proteinaceous, but transparent fluid. When the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension on its...

Sources of HSCs

There are three primary sources of hematopoietic stem cells for clinical use bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood, and more recently, umbilical cord blood. Bone marrow Marrow is the traditional source of HSC for both allogeneic and autologous transplantation. Bone marrow is harvested by large bore needle aspiration from the donor's posterior ileac crests in the operating room, the donor being under general anesthesia. The harvest process generally requires 100-200 separate small volume...

Biceps brachii tendon tear

1st ribx Clavicle Coracoid process s Head of humerus v Acromion Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle. Biceps brachii, distal tendon, sectioned Zygomaticus minor Zygomatics major Masseter Orbicularis oris Depressor labli inferioris Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Omohyoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Biceps brachii External oblique Brachialis Sacrum Neck of femur Greater trochanter-Carpal 2nd metacarpal Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal...

Nautilus Lateral Raises

Sternohyoid Peotoralls major clavicular head Pectorals major Clavicle Brachlalls Pronator teres Brachloradialis Comment This is an excellent beginning exercise because you don't have to worry about your form or positioning, and it allows long sets of repetitions, Comment This is an excellent beginning exercise because you don't have to worry about your form or positioning, and it allows long sets of repetitions, Sternohyoid Peotoralls major clavicular head Pectorals major Clavicle Brachlalls...

Strength Training Anatomy

2 CONCENTRATION 3 HAMMER 4 LOW-PULLEY 5 HIGH-PULLEY 6 BARBELL IS ELBOW STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON TRAINING 7 MACHINE 8 PREACHER 9 REVERSE 10 REVERSE WRIST 11 UURIST 13 REVERSE 14 ONE-ARM REVERSE 15 TRICEPS IE DUMBBELL TRICEPS 17 ONE-ARM DUMBBELL TRICEPS 18 SEATED DUMBBELL TRICEPS 19 SEATED E-Z BAR TRICEPS 20 TRICEPS 21 TRICEPS Teres major Latissimus dorsi Subscapular Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Biceps brachii, long head Biceps brachii, short Teres major Latissimus dorsi Subscapular...

Transport of Urine from the Kidney Through the Ureters and into the Bladder

Urine that is expelled from the bladder has essentially the same composition as fluid flowing out of the collecting ducts there are no significant changes in the composition of urine as it flows through the renal calyces and ureters to the bladder. Urine flowing from the collecting ducts into the renal calyces stretches the calyces and increases their inherent pacemaker activity, which in turn initiates peristaltic contractions that spread to the renal pelvis and then downward along the length...

Nervous Regulation of Salivary Secretion

Figure 64-3 shows the parasympathetic nervous pathways for regulating salivation, demonstrating that the salivary glands are controlled mainly by parasympa-thetic nervous signals all the way from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. The salivatory nuclei are located approximately at the juncture of the medulla and pons and are excited by both taste and tactile stimuli from the tongue and other areas of the mouth and pharynx. Many taste stimuli, especially the sour...

Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli They Detect

Table 46-1 lists and classifies most of the body's sensory receptors. This table shows that there are five basic types of sensory receptors (1) mechanorecep-tors, which detect mechanical compression or stretching of the receptor or of tissues adjacent to the receptor (2) thermoreceptors, which detect changes in temperature, some receptors detecting cold and others warmth (3) nociceptors (pain receptors), which detect damage occurring in the tissues, whether physical damage or chemical damage...

Types of Pain and Their Qualities Fast Pain and Slow Pain

Pain has been classified into two major types fast pain and slow pain. Fast pain is felt within about 0.1 second after a pain stimulus is applied, whereas slow pain begins only after 1 second or more and then increases slowly over many seconds and sometimes even minutes. During the course of this chapter, we shall see that the conduction pathways for these two types of pain are different and that each of them has specific qualities. Fast pain is also described by many alternative names, such as...

Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids

Transport of Triglycerides and Other Lipids from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Lymph The Chylomicrons As explained in Chapter 65, almost all the fats in the diet, with the principal exception of a few short-chain fatty acids, are absorbed from the intestines into the intestinal lymph. During digestion, most triglycerides are split into monoglycerides and fatty acids. Then, while passing through the intestinal epithelial cells, the mono-glycerides and fatty acids are resynthesized into new...

Effect of Local Tissue Factors and Hormones to Cause Smooth Muscle Contraction Without Action Potentials

Probably half of all smooth muscle contraction is initiated by stimulatory factors acting directly on the smooth muscle contractile machinery and without action potentials. Two types of non-nervous and non-action potential stimulating factors often involved are 1 local tissue chemical factors and 2 various hormones. Smooth Muscle Contraction in Response to Local Tissue Chemical Factors. In Chapter 17, we discuss control of contraction of the arterioles, meta-arterioles, and pre-capillary...

Proteins Important Intracellular Buffers

Proteins are among the most plentiful buffers in the body because of their high concentrations, especially within the cells. The pH of the cells, although slightly lower than in the extracellular fluid, nevertheless changes approximately in proportion to extracellular fluid pH changes. There is a slight amount of diffusion of H and HCO3-through the cell membrane, although these ions require several hours to come to equilibrium with the extracellular fluid, except for rapid equilibrium that...

Glioependymal Cysts

Intramedullary glioependymal cysts are observed predominantly in the area of the conus medullaris (Figs. 3.82 and 3.83), but may occur anywhere in the spinal canal (Fig. 3.84) 279 . The cyst contains fluid that is similar to CSF 279 . Some authors have called these cysts terminal ventricles or considered them to be an isolated eccentric syrinx of the conus medul-laris. The majority of them are observed in adults, with most pediatric cases being asymptomatic 50 . The differential diagnosis to...

Dissociation Constant Of Hco3- In Blood At Body Temperature

The concentration of undissociated H2CO3 cannot be measured in solution because it rapidly dissociates into CO2 and H2O or to H+ and HCO3-. However, the CO2 dissolved in the blood is directly proportional to the amount of undissociated H2CO3. Therefore, equation 2 can be rewritten as The dissociation constant (K) for equation 3 is only about 1 400 of the dissociation constant (K') of equation 2 because the proportionality ratio between H2CO3 and CO2 is 1 400. Equation 3 is written in terms of...

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials in Olfactory Cells

The membrane potential inside unstimulated olfactory cells, as measured by microelectrodes, averages about -55 millivolts. At this potential, most of the cells generate continuous action potentials at a very slow rate, varying from once every 20 seconds up to two or three per second. Most odorants cause depolarization of the olfactory cell membrane, decreasing the negative potential in the cell from the normal level of -55 millivolts to -30 millivolts or less that is, changing the voltage in...

Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission

When excitatory synapses are repetitively stimulated at a rapid rate, the number of discharges by the postsynaptic neuron is at first very great, but the firing rate becomes progressively less in succeeding milliseconds or seconds. This is called fatigue of synaptic transmission. Fatigue is an exceedingly important characteristic of synaptic function because when areas of the nervous system become overexcited, fatigue causes them to lose this excess...

Triceps brachii tears

Infraspinatus Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Infraspinatus Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Extensor carpi radlalls longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor carpi ulnarls Heavy training of the back and injury to the long head of the triceps brachii Although It is not the most-used muscle when working the back, the long head of the triceps brachii is the most frequently injured muscle during back lat pull-downs with heavy weights or during chin-ups with added weight. The...

Association Areas

Figure 57-4 also shows several large areas of the cerebral cortex that do not fit into the rigid categories of primary and secondary motor and sensory areas. These areas are called association areas because they receive and analyze signals simultaneously from multiple regions of both the motor and sensory cortices as well as from subcortical structures. Yet even the association areas have their specializations. The most important association areas are 1 the parieto-occipitotemporal association...

Melatonin

RLS symptoms occur at specific times during the 24-hour day, preferentially in the evening and at night. The circadian rhythm (independent from sleep-wake behavior) has been associated with both the sensory and the motor symptoms of this disorder (198-200). The relationship between the duration of rest and the occurrence of symptoms also showed a circadian variation (201). A prime marker of circadian rhythm, the core body temperature, did not show any abnormalities in RLS subjects...

Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the Movement

The lung is an elastic structure that collapses like a balloon and expels all its air through the trachea whenever there is no force to keep it inflated. Also, there are no attachments between the lung and the walls of the chest cage, except where it is suspended at its hilum from the mediastinum. Instead, the lung floats in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by a thin layer of pleural fluid that lubricates movement of the lungs within the cavity. Further, continual suction of excess fluid into...

Development of the Breasts

The breasts, shown in Figure 82-10, begin to develop at puberty. This development is stimulated by the estrogens of the monthly female sexual cycle estrogens stimulate growth of the breasts' mammary glands plus the deposition of fat to give the breasts mass. In addition, far greater growth occurs during the highestrogen state of pregnancy, and only then does the glandular tissue become completely developed for the production of milk. Growth of the Ductal System Role of the Estrogens. All...

Depolarization of the Atria The P Wave

Depolarization of the atria begins in the sinus node and spreads in all directions over the atria. Therefore, the point of original electronegativity in the atria is about at the point of entry of the superior vena cava where the sinus node lies, and the direction of initial depolarization is denoted by the black vector in Figure 12-9. Furthermore, the vector remains generally in this direction throughout the process of normal atrial depolarization. Because this direction is generally in the...

Maculae Sensory Organs of the Utricle and Saccule for Detecting Orientation of the Head with Respect to Gravity

Located on the inside surface of each utricle and saccule, shown in the top diagram of Figure 55-9, is a small sensory area slightly over 2 millimeters in diameter called a macula. The macula of the utricle lies mainly in the horizontal plane on the inferior surface Hair cell of the equilibrium apparatus and its synapses with the vestibular nerve. of the utricle and plays an important role in determining orientation of the head when the head is upright. Conversely, the macula of the saccule is...

Vestibular Apparatus

The vestibular apparatus, shown in Figure 55-9, is the sensory organ for detecting sensations of equilibrium. It is encased in a system of bony tubes and chambers Membranous labyrinth, and organization of the crista ampullaris and the macula. Hair cell of the equilibrium apparatus and its synapses with the vestibular nerve. Membranous labyrinth, and organization of the crista ampullaris and the macula. located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, called the bony labyrinth. Within this...

Function of the Utricle and Saccule in the Maintenance of Static Equilibrium

It is especially important that the hair cells are all oriented in different directions in the maculae of the utricles and saccules, so that with different positions of the head, different hair cells become stimulated. The patterns of stimulation of the different hair cells apprise the brain of the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity. In turn, the vestibular, cerebellar, and reticular motor nerve systems of the brain excite appropriate postural muscles to maintain proper...

Penile Erections And Deep Dorsal Veins

Blood drained off from the sinusoidal spaces or directly from arteriovenous shunts is collected in the distal two thirds of the corpora cavernosa via a direct subtunical venous plexus, and is then transported further via the oblique emissary veins that perforate the tunica albuginea. Several emissary veins open into a circumflex vein, which originates ventrally between the corpus spongiosum and the corpus caver-nosum, and surrounds the corpus cavernosum like a hoop, finally opening into the...

Specific Epileptic Syndromes

In contrast to seizure location and the resultant clinical manifestations, differences exist in the occurrence of epileptic syndromes in adult and pediatric epileptology. Most specific epileptic syndromes begin in childhood and may continue into adulthood. We shall start with the benign epileptic syndromes and then the malignant syndromes. Descriptions of the epileptic syndromes come from the ICES. Additional points within each syndrome are specifically referenced. The following specific...

Acne acne vulgaris

What it isAcne involves inflammation and infection of the sebaceous gland or hair follicle. These secrete sebum (the waxy lubricant that retains moisture for the hair follicles and skin). In acne, these pores are excessively stimulated by androgens (male hormones) to secrete excessive sebum, which blocks pores. Acne is the most common of all skin problems. It occurs mostly on the face, and to a lesser extent, on the back, chest and shoulders.

Selection of Appropriate Antihypertensive Therapy

Although diuretics, adrenergic inhibiting agents, and vasodilators will each lower blood pressure in their own distinct way, it seems obvious that optimal blood pressure control might be achieved using a lower dose of a medication or combination of medications that directly attacks the mechanisms suspected of causing essential hypertension for a given patient. Given such a broad array of available and effective anti-hypertensive agents, what determines which medication the physician will choose...

Factors That Can Influence Peritubular Capillary Reabsorption

T Arterial Pressure T Pc T p T Reabsorption Pc, peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure RA and RE, afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances, respectively pc, peritubular capillary colloid osmotic pressure pA, arterial plasma colloid osmotic pressure FF, filtration fraction Kf, peritubular capillary filtration coefficient. The mechanisms by which changes in interstitial fluid hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures influence tubular reabsorption can be understood by examining the...

Hormones That Regulate Tubular Reabsorption

Antidiuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide Parathyroid hormone Proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of Henle distal tubule, collecting tubule Distal tubule collecting tubule and duct Distal tubule collecting tubule and duct Proximal tubule, thick ascending loop of Henle distal tubule T NaCl, H2O reabsorption, T K secretion T NaCl, H2O reabsorption, T H secretion T H2O reabsorption 0 NaCl reabsorption 0 PO4 reabsorption, T Ca reabsorption. First, efferent arteriolar constriction reduces...

Physiologic Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow

The determinants of GFR that are most variable and subject to physiologic control include the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure. These variables, in turn, are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system, hormones and autacoids (vasoactive substances that are released in the kidneys and act locally), and other feedback controls that are intrinsic to the kidneys. Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Decreases GFR Essentially all the blood...

Micturition Reflex

Referring again to Figure 26-7, one can see that as the bladder fills, many superimposed micturition contractions begin to appear, as shown by the dashed spikes. They are the result of a stretch reflex initiated by sensory stretch receptors in the bladder wall, especially by the receptors in the posterior urethra when this area begins to fill with urine at the higher bladder pressures. Sensory signals from the bladder stretch receptors are conducted to the sacral segments of the cord through...

Difference Between Renal Threshold And Transport Maximum

Mechanisms of secondary active transport.The upper cell shows the co-transport of glucose and amino acids along with sodium ions through the apical side of the tubular epithelial cells, followed by facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membranes. The lower cell shows the counter-transport of hydrogen ions from the interior of the cell across the apical membrane and into the tubular lumen movement of sodium ions into the cell, down an electrochemical gradient established by the...

Reabsorption and Secretion by the Renal Tubules

As the glomerular filtrate enters the renal tubules, it flows sequentially through the successive parts of ____ the tubule the proximal tubule, the loop o f Henle, the distal tubule, the collecting tubule, and, finally, the collecting duct before it is excreted as urine. Along this course, some substances are selectively reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood, whereas others are secreted from the blood into the tubular lumen. Eventually, the urine that is formed and all the substances...

Phosphate Buffer System Carries Excess Hydrogen Ions into the Urine and Generates New Bicarbonate

The phosphate buffer system is composed of HPO4 and H2PO4-. Both become concentrated in the tubular fluid because of their relatively poor reabsorption and because of the reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid. Therefore, although phosphate is not an important extracellular fluid buffer, it is much more effective as a buffer in the tubular fluid. Another factor that makes phosphate important as a tubular buffer is the fact that the pK of this system is about 6.8. Under normal conditions,...

Why Efferent Arterioles Separated Into Number Of Capillaries

General organization of the kidneys and the urinary system. General organization of the kidneys and the urinary system. If the kidney is bisected from top to bottom, the two major regions that can be visualized are the outer cortex and the inner region referred to as the medulla. The medulla is divided into multiple cone-shaped masses of tissue called renal pyramids. The base of each pyramid originates at the border between the cortex and medulla and terminates in the papilla, which projects...

Regenes Lift Is More Powerful With NU Beauty Serum!!

Regenes Lift and NU Beauty Serum are among most famous anti-aging products that are available famously online but do they work Both of these enjoy vast popularity online but how functional they are for different skin types, let's find out. Step 1 - Regenes Lift Another famous product in the anti aging industry that is exclusively available online is Regenes Lift . It claims to bring amazing results to the aging skin and helps in developing natural immunity of the skin cells.

Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility

In Chapter 64, we discuss the extreme importance of several hormones for controlling gastrointestinal secretion. Most of these same hormones also affect motility in some parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the motility effects are usually less important than the secretory effects of the hormones, some of the more important of them are the following. Gastrin is secreted by the G cells of the antrum of the stomach in response to stimuli associated with ingestion of a meal, such as...

Effects of Cortisol on Protein Metabolism

One of the principal effects of cortisol on the metabolic systems of the body is reduction of the protein stores in essentially all body cells except those of the liver. This is caused by both decreased protein synthesis and increased catabolism of protein already in the cells. Both these effects may result from decreased amino acid transport into extra-hepatic tissues, as discussed later this probably is not the major cause, because cortisol also depresses the...

Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism

In much the same manner that cortisol promotes amino acid mobilization from muscle, it promotes mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue. This increases the concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma, which also increases their utilization for energy. Cortisol also seems to have a direct effect to enhance the oxidation of fatty acids in the cells. The mechanism by which cortisol promotes fatty acid mobilization is not completely understood. However, part...

Cellular Mechanism of Cortisol Action

Cortisol, like other steroid hormones, exerts its effects by first interacting with intracellular receptors in target cells. Because cortisol is lipid soluble, it can easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, cortisol binds with its protein receptor in the cytoplasm, and the hormone-receptor complex then interacts with specific regulatory DNA sequences, called glucocorti-coid response elements, to induce or repress gene transcription. Other proteins in the cell, called...

Neuronal Effector Mechanisms That Decrease or Increase Body Temperature

When the hypothalamic temperature centers detect that the body temperature is either too high or too low, they institute appropriate temperature-decreasing or temperature-increasing procedures. The reader is probably familiar with most of these from personal experience, but special features are the following. Temperature-Decreasing Mechanisms When the Body Is Too Hot The temperature control system uses three important mechanisms to reduce body heat when the body temperature becomes too great 1....

Thermostat Resetting In Physiology

Fever, which means a body temperature above the usual range of normal, can be caused by abnormalities in the brain itself or by toxic substances that affect the temperature-regulating centers. Some causes of fever and also of subnormal body temperatures are presented in Figure 73-10.They include bacterial diseases, Body temperatures under different conditions. Redrawn from DuBois EF Fever. Springfield, IL Charles C Thomas, 1948. brain tumors, and environmental conditions that may terminate in...

Some Hormones That Use the Phospholipase C Second Messenger System

Angiotensin II (vascular smooth muscle) Catecholamines (a receptors) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Oxytocin Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) Vasopressin (Vi receptor, vascular smooth muscle) reticulum, and the calcium ions then have their own second messenger effects, such as smooth muscle contraction and changes in cell secretion. DAG, the other lipid second messenger, activates the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC), which then phos-phorylates a large...

Factors That Stimulate or Inhibit Secretion of Growth Hormone

Decreased blood glucose Decreased blood free fatty acids deficiency Trauma, stress, excitement Exercise Testosterone, estrogen Deep sleep ( stages II and IV) Growth hormone-releasing hormone Increased blood glucose Increased blood free fatty hormone (somatostatin) Growth hormone (exogenous) Somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) Protein Carbohydrate Protein Protein deficiency treatment treatment treatment (kwashiorkor) (3 days) (3 days) (25 days) Protein Carbohydrate Protein Protein...

Metabolic Functions of the Liver

The liver is a large, chemically reactant pool of cells that have a high rate of metabolism, sharing substrates and energy from one metabolic system to another, processing and synthesizing multiple substances that are transported to other areas of the body, and performing myriad other metabolic functions. For these reasons, a major share of the entire discipline of biochemistry is devoted to the metabolic reactions in the liver. But here, let us summarize those metabolic functions that are...

Function of Bile Salts in Fat Digestion and Absorption

The liver cells synthesize about 6 grams of bile salts daily. The precursor of the bile salts is cholesterol, which is either present in the diet or synthesized in the liver cells during the course of fat metabolism. The cholesterol is first converted to cholic acid or che-nodeoxycholic acid in about equal quantities. These acids in turn combine principally with glycine and to a lesser extent with taurine to form glyco- and tauro-conjugated bile acids. The salts of these acids, mainly sodium...